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Permit Required Confined Space
Confined spaces can be categorized generally as those with open tops and
with a depth that will restrict the natural movement of air, and enclosed
spaces with very limited openings for entry. In either of these cases, the
space may contain mechanical equipment with moving parts. Any combination
of these parameters will change the nature of the hazards encountered.
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Degreasers, pits, and certain types of storage tanks may be
classified as open topped confined spaces that usually contain no
moving parts. However, gases that are heavier than air (butane,
propane, and other hydrocarbons) remain in depressions and will
flow to low points where they are difficult to remove. Open
topped water tanks that appear harmless may develop toxic
atmospheres such as hydrogen sulfide from the vaporization of
contaminated water. Therefore, these gases (heavier than air) are
a primary concern when entry into such a confined space is being
planned. Other hazards may develop due to the work performed in
the confined space or because of corrosive residues that
accelerate the decomposition of scaffolding supports and
electrical components.
Confined spaces such as sewers, casings, tanks, silos,
vaults, and compartments of ships usually have limited access.
The problems arising in these areas are similar to those that
occur in open topped confined spaces. However, the limited access
increases the risk of injury. Gases which are heavier than air
such as carbon dioxide and propane, may lie in a tank or vault
for hours or even days after the containers have been opened.
Because some gases are odorless, the hazard may be overlooked
with fatal results. Gases that are lighter then air may also be
trapped within an enclosed type confined space, especially those
with access from the bottom or side.
Hazards specific to a confined space are dictated by:
(1) the material stored or used in the confined space; as an
example, damp activated carbon in a filtration tank will absorb
oxygen, thus creating an oxygen deficient atmosphere; (2) the
activity carried out, such as the fermentation of molasses that
creates ethyl alcohol vapors and decreases the oxygen content of
the atmosphere; or (3) the external environment, as in the case
of sewer systems that may be affected by high tides, heavier than
air gases, or flash floods.
Entering a confined space as part of the industrial activity
may be done for various reasons. It is done usually to perform a
necessary function, such as inspection, repair, maintenance
(cleaning or painting), or similar operations which would be an
infrequent or irregular function of the total industrial
activity.
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